TheDyottvilleGlass WorksEditionDr. Dyott 8Franklin Flask 28 Digging Dyottville 34The Factory in 3-D 60The Journal of Philadelphia Waterfront Heritage & ArchaeologyVolume 2 | 2017From the Guest EditorAs the historic glass specialist for AECOM’s Cultural Resource Department in Burlington, New Jersey, I am thrilled to introduce our second issue of River Chronicles, dedicated to our excavations at the Dyottville Glass Works archaeological site. While conducting initial investigations for the I-95/GIR Improvement Corridor Project, we were elated when a comparison of historical maps and modern aerials indicated that a section of the renowned nineteenth-century glassworks1 lay under road surface in the project area. Could evidence of the factory survive a century of construction on the Delaware River waterfront? Indeed it did. Over 10 months, from May 2011 to February 2012, our archaeologists exposed the evolution of Dyottville, layer by layer. Generations of glass enthusiasts have endeavored to write the history of Dyottville and the illustrious Dr. Thomas W. Dyott, for whom the business and surrounding village were named. Although this sounds like a straightforward task, the articles in this issue demonstrate that following the clues and separating fact from fiction requires perseverance and imaginative detective skills equal to those of Sherlock Holmes. Our historians have teased the truth from an unprecedented number of period documents and made exciting new discoveries we are pleased to share for the first time. We’ve highlighted only a sampling of the 168,525 recovered artifacts, ranging from architectural elements of the glass furnace to sand used for glassmaking. As illustrated on the cover, much of the glass is broken and richly colored in shades favored by nineteenth-century bottle makers. (The colors seen in print may vary from the actual artifacts.) Among the identifiable glass sherds are a variety of vessels, including figured flasks, soda and mineral water bottles, cylindrical liquor bottles, demijohns and carboys, patent medicines, and colognes, as well as bits of glass “debris” discarded during the glassmaking process. In future issues, we will expand upon the archaeological and historical summaries presented here. With Dyottville being only one of many glass factories in Kensington-Fishtown, we’ll continue to feature glass along with other exciting finds that reveal life in the past. We hope you enjoy River Chronicles and continue to follow us online at www.diggingi95.com, where you may learn more about glassmaking and the I-95 Project. - Mary C. MillsRiver Chronicles and the I-95 Improvement ProjectProduced by AECOM’s Cultural Resource Department in Burlington, New Jersey, River Chronicles explores the deep cultural history of Philadelphia’s Delaware River waterfront through the lens of archaeology. The impetus for the journal is an intensive ongoing archaeological investigation sponsored by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration in support of their efforts to improve Interstate 95 (I-95) through the city of Philadelphia. Working on their behalf for over a decade, AECOM has recovered more than one and a half million artifacts dating from 3600 B.C. to the early twentieth century. The NeighborhoodsThese artifacts provide a remarkably rich and detailed record of life in the historic communities of Port Richmond, Kensington-Fishtown, and Northern Liberties. Fishtown is actually an unofficial neighborhood within what was, between 1820 and 1854, the Kensington District. After 1854, when the city of Philadelphia was consolidated, Fishtown and Kensington became neighborhoods in Philadelphia. As the location of many of the archaeological sites in the I-95 project could be described as either Kensington or Fishtown, depending on the era or even the person making the determination, we have decided to refer to the project area within the boundaries of the former Kensington District as Kensington-Fishtown.2 | Vol 2 | 2017 | River ChroniclesFeaturesTHE HISTORY OF DYOTTVILLEEntrepreneurs of the bottle-making enterpriseIngrid A. WuebberARCHAEOLOGY AT DYOTTVILLE GLASS WORKSExcavations reveal the evolution of an empireGeorge CressDouglas Mooney2034A LENAPEACKNOWLEDGMENT Stephen W. TullNATIVE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY Jeremy W. KochDR. DYOTT Ingrid A. WuebberLAND RECLAMATION Douglas MooneyWilliam BulgerTHE OLD GLASS WORKS Ingrid A. WuebberFRANKLIN FLASK Rebecca L .WhiteGLASS CANES Carolyn HorlacherBOTTLE SEALSamuel A. Pickard Thomas J. KutysDATING WITH BOTTLES Thomas J. Kutys3-D PRINTING Chester CunananPRINCE RUPERT’S DROPS Daniel B. Eichinger IIIGLASSWORKINGBLOCKS Mary C. Mills 3-D SCANNING Mark E. Petrovich Brett Harte46813281849505260666768(Background) A Map of the County of Philadelphia from Actual Survey, 1843. Courtesy of Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division.Connecting Time and Space before ColonizationA Lenape AcknowledgmentIn exploring the past, we are prone to affix undue significance to a solitary historic event when it is removed from its setting and studied apart from its various causes and effects. Conversely, we often stand dumbfounded at the repercussions of some apparently insignificant event: a magnetized needle placed in a marked bowl filled with liquid expands the boundaries of the known world; a new mixture of saltpeter, charcoal, and sulphur changes political borders; hundreds of movable wooden blocks carved as letters circulates the knowledge of mankind; a meeting under an “Elm Tree” along the Delaware River in 1683 at Shackamaxon, Philadelphia, alters relations between nations. Rather than isolated, random occurrences, however, the causes leading to such events are usually significant and the preliminary conditions for their acceptance are begun decades and perhaps centuries before.The Philadelphia meeting (whether it actually took place or not) created a “Great Treaty” between the Lenape and William Penn’s colonists to establish a peaceful coexistence. The agreement attempted to provide the basis for relations and established expectations of good behavior between the two groups. This great ceremonial gesture, acknowledged at a specific place and time in history, laid the groundwork for valuable future conversations between Native Americans, colonists, and future immigrants. We hope to provide background and context for that momentous meeting on the Delaware and all that came after.Just north of modern-day Penn Treaty Park, the Dyottville Glass Works archaeological site is located on a landform that has attracted human settlement for millennia. Given the breadth of history represented there, how do we decide what details are worthy of consideration? Recognizing the original inhabitants of the land is a good start. To the European colonists, the Delaware Valley’s waterways became easily recognizable boundaries, but to the Lenape and other Native Americans in the region, the rivers and creeks were the focus of their livelihood. Evidence of their occupation is preserved beneath the ruins of the Dyottville Glass Works and our excavations are recovering important pieces of it. From this land, we have excavated reminders of their hunting, trapping, fishing, cooking, knapping, forest clearing, extended trade, and symbolic ceremonies—all part of the original inhabitants’ lifeways. To the Europeans, however, this confluence of river and creek was a gateway to trade and manufacturing. The creek, which Native Americans had named Tumanaraming, was more commonly known to colonists as Gunner’s Run, after Gunnar Rambo, an early Swedish settler (the spelling of the creek’s name changed over time to end in “er”). We have uncovered a great deal of European material culture from this land because generations of immigrants were instrumental in developing the manufacturing-based economy of the waterfront. The earliest glass factory that later became part of the Dyottville village was established in this location in 1771. Glass manufacturing was so significant, and the factory foundations and artifacts excavated so prolific, that this second River Chronicles volume is dedicated to this industry.NextIn addition to this journal and our interactive report, www.diggingi95.com, we exhibit the artifacts and interpret the history they represent at local community events and museums. In the near future, we hope to have a long-term display in the neighborhood where the artifacts were recovered, allowing the public to examine excavated objects up close and see how we curate them in the archaeological laboratory—through washing, marking, cataloging, mending, and analysis. Today, the recovery of artifacts from this land substantiates the historical relations between various groups of people. Archaeology can help recreate this history in all of its diversity and richness. History only makes sense if we include everyone, which is what the “Penn Treaty” symbolically promotes. - Stephen W. Tull4 | Vol 2 | 2017 | River ChroniclesDetail of Charles P. Varle’s map of Philadelphia, 1802. Image courtesy of the David Rumsey Map Collection, www.davidrumsey.com. River ChroniclesVolume 2 | 2017EDITOR Grace H. Ziesing, RPAGUEST EDITOR Mary C. MillsADVISORY CHAIRPERSON Stephen W. Tull, RPACOPY EDITOR Paul ElworkLAYOUT DESIGN Chester Cunanan CONTRIBUTORSRiver Chronicles is published annually. Visit us online at www.riverchronicles.com.INQUIRIES/INFORMATION Letters may be addressed to Editor, River Chronicles, 437 High St, Burlington, NJ 08016, or sent via email to editor@riverchronicles.com. William BulgerGeorge Cress Chester CunananDaniel B. Eichinger IIIBrett Harte Carolyn HorlacherJeremy W. KochThomas J. KutysMary C. MillsDouglas MooneyMark E. PetrovichSamuel A. Pickard Rebecca L. WhiteIngrid A. WuebberRiver Chronicles | Vol 2 | 2017 | 5Tumanaraming Creek/Gunner’s RunDelaware RiverArchaeological investigations beneath the foundations of Dyottville Glass Works recently uncovered buried living surfaces associated with Native American occupations. At the time these buried surfaces were occupied (radiocarbon dated A.D. 883–1521), the site was positioned along the north bank of Tumanaraming Creek, a meandering tidal stream known to later Philadelphia inhabitants as Gunner’s Run and Aramingo Canal. Artifacts recovered from the pre-Contact living surfaces are largely comprised of river cobbles that had been cracked and broken from their use in camp fires and hot rock cooking activities. Fragments of fired clay pots, groundstone tools, and fishing net weights suggest that native peoples were procuring, processing, and cooking various types of food on site. Analysis of microscopic residues adhering to pottery indicates that several vessels were used to cook or process grass seeds and possibly mint. Stone projectile points, scraping tools, knives, Digging DeeperNATIVE AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY BENEATH DYOTTVILLEand the byproducts of their manufacture attest to the production, use, and refurbishment of utilitarian tools at this location. Additional artifacts of note recovered from the buried surfaces include glass beads and clay smoking pipe fragments. The pre-Contact deposits at Dyottville have provided new and tantalizing evidence regarding Native American occupation history and lifeways in Philadelphia. - Jeremy W. Koch6 | Vol 2 | 2017 | River Chronicles(Bottom) AECOM archaeologists uncovering Native American living surfaces, approximately 7 feet below the current street level. These living surfaces were preserved beneath historical fill deposits upon which the Dyottville Glass Works was built, protecting the artifacts until our archaeological excavations uncovered them—centuries after Native Americans left them behind. AECOM project photograph, 2012.(Left) Fragments of Native American clay smoking pipes that were likely used in everyday life. AECOM archaeologists recovered these artifacts from buried surfaces dated to A.D. 883 (right) and 1405 (left). AECOM project photograph, 2011.(Right) Assortment of Native American artifacts from the Dyottville archaeological site, including projectile points dated to the Middle and Late Woodland periods, circa A.D. 0–1550 (top), a knife (middle left), a fishing net weight or “netsinker” (bottom left), and a roughly shaped cobble tool called a “chopper” (bottom right). AECOM project photograph, 2011.002inchcm5cmRiver Chronicles | Vol 2 | 2017 | 7Thomas W. Dyott was both famous and infamous during his lifetime. He has remained a controversial and somewhat mysterious historical figure. His business and personal affairs interest scholars in many fields, including glass studies, pharmacology, medicine, advertising, economics, sociology, jurisprudence, and numismatics. Dr. Dyott, as he was known, built a fortune by producing, advertising, and distributing patent medicines at an unprecedented scale. By making himself the focal point of his commercial empire, he became a nationally known personality in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Early on, he parlayed his success in selling drugs into a career as a practicing physician. His consulting room was always open for free advice and a remedy from his medicine warehouse. As his business expanded, so did the need for a steady supply of bottles for his medicinals, drugs, and chemicals. Before long, Dr. Dyott became a glass manufacturer himself. It seemed he had the golden touch. In 1836, Dr. Dyott claimed he had amassed a fortune of 1.2 million dollars—the equivalent of someone with nearly $700 million today. Three years later, it was all gone and Dr. Dyott sat in a prison cell.1 My research on the life of Thomas W. Dyott began in 2011. His life in Philadelphia was fairly easy to document beginning in 1807, but I encountered a brick wall when I tried to trace his roots back to his native England. My best clue came from the declaration of intention that Dr. Dyott filed in 1811 to become a naturalized citizen of the United States. He stated that he had been born in Sussex, a county on England’s southeast coast. In his own naturalization papers, filed in 1832, his brother Michael echoed this birthplace.2 A search of English parish records and other genealogical sources did not turn up a Dyott family into which the brothers fit, in Sussex or elsewhere. My focus turned to Michael Boyd Dyott, who had sailed from England to Philadelphia in 1829 with his wife, Maria, and their three children. I was able to find Michael’s marriage to Maria Wells in 1816 and the births of their children. But Michael’s surname was not Dyott, it was Boyd. I knew this was the correct family because Maria’s brother, William Wells, had lived with them in Philadelphia and had been identified in Dr. Dyott’s trial as Michael’s brother-in-law.3Once the fact that Thomas W. Dyott had been born with the Boyd surname was discovered, I was finally able to locate the family in Sussex. His father, John Boyde and mother, Martha Dyatt, were married on April 9, 1776, in the town of Rye on the Sussex coast.4 Further proof of Dr. Dyott’s origins was provided by his nephew, Michael Boyd Bateham, who immigrated to America with his parents in 1825. Michael had a distinguished career as a horticulturalist and became the secretary of agriculture in Ohio.5 In 1851, Michael and his wife, Josephine, traveled 8 | Vol 2 | 2017 | River Chroniclesfrom their home in Columbus, Ohio, to visit their Dyott relations in Philadelphia. Decades later, in 1896, Josephine authored a Bateham family genealogy. She included the following reference to her late husband’s uncle: “Thomas Diott who dropped his father’s name and was known as Thomas Diott, lived in Philadelphia, [and] became wealthy through patent medicine.”6John and Martha Boyde established a home about two miles north of Rye in the rural parish of Iden, where our subject, Thomas Boyde, was baptized on March 24, 1777.7 John and Martha had 10 more children baptized in Iden’s All Saints Church.8 Baptismal records indicate that John and Martha Boyde were residents of Iden during the births of their children between 1777 and 1792, and it was still their home at the time of Martha’s death in 1820. John Boyde did not own land in the parish of Iden, nor was he a tenant of a landowner there. He was most likely an agricultural laborer or foreman living in a cottage. The Boyde family’s financial situation became more tenuous with the birth of their seventh child, Hannah, in 1786, at which time they were classified as paupers. As settled residents of the parish, the Boydes qualified for poor relief administered by parish church wardens and funded through poor rates paid by all the local property owners.9 John Boyde’s grandchildren, the Batehams, believed that the family had come from Scotland. The Boyd surname is common throughout Scotland and England, making it difficult to trace John Boyde’s origins. Martha Dyatt was the daughter of Thomas and Martha Diet of Winchelsea, a medieval town on the Sussex coast. Martha, baptized on November 16, 1746, was the fourth in line of five Diet children that survived to adulthood.10 During the 1760s, her three older brothers Thomas, William, and Josiah migrated to Rye, a sizeable port town, seven miles east of Winchelsea. Josiah established a home in Rye and was prosperous enough to qualify as an elector. Martha and her younger sister Ann also migrated eastward. By 1774, Ann Dyatt had settled in Iden parish, where she married Richard Foster. Martha Dyatt was a 29-year-old resident of Rye when she married 25-year-old Iden resident John Boyde in 1776.11 Although research shed light on Dr. Dyott’s origins in England, it remains a mystery why he adopted his mother’s surname. A search for records relating to Thomas W. Dyott (née Boyd) between the time of his baptism in Iden in 1777 and his appearance in the records of Philadelphia in 1807 is ongoing.Thomas W. Dyott by John Neagle, circa 1836, oil on canvas. Courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Dr. DyottUnraveling the MysteryIngrid A. WuebberNext >