< PreviousVentures in Virtue and IndustryIngrid A. WuebberThe History of Dyottville Glass WorksDetail of T. W. Dyott Glass Works at Kensington on the Delaware, Philadelphia, 1831, by David J. Kennedy. David J. Kennedy Watercolors, Digital Library, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.1River Chronicles | Vol 2 | 2017 | 21John Hewson Jr. and the Kensington Glass Works, 1816–1820In 1774, John Hewson erected a calico printing works on land leased from William Ball between the north bank of Gunner’s Run and the glasshouse lot John Elliott Sr. owned. Hewson, a native of London, had come to Philadelphia with his wife and children the year before at the invitation of Benjamin Franklin, who was in England representing the interests of several American colonies. Franklin was happy to encourage the migration of a highly skilled craftsman, and Hewson’s sympathetic republican views would have made it difficult to remain in England.2John Hewson’s textile business prospered and caught the eye of Martha Washington in 1775, when she commissioned him to print handkerchiefs with an image of her husband on horseback. John Hewson was quick to support the patriotic cause and formed a company of militia men made up of his factory workers. In 1777, he fled Philadelphia with what equipment he could transport across the Delaware River into New Jersey just ahead of the British army. British forces destroyed his factory.3Hewson was later captured and transported to Long Island, where he would make a daring escape. He returned to Philadelphia in 1778 and, with the help of partner William Lang, a mold maker, set about restoring his textile business. He was aided by a £200 loan from Pennsylvania that allowed him to expand his calico printing and bleaching company. The 1798 direct tax list described the buildings on the 2-acre lot John Hewson rented from William Ball: it included his dwelling, a two-story stone and brick house measuring 20 × 30 feet, and a dye shop fronting on Point-No-Point Road (now Richmond Street). The buildings on the Hewson lot were given a valuation of $1,000.4John Hewson never owned the land on which his business and home were located. His landlord, William Ball, died in 1810 and the Hewson lot became the property of Ball’s heir, Joseph H. Ball, Esq. Joseph H. Ball had married Esther Connell, the widowed daughter of John Hewson, in 1801. Hewson had a close and affectionate relationship with his daughter and his son-in-law.5Learn MorePrinted Calico, p.2722 | Vol 2 | 2017 | River ChroniclesJohn Hewson retired in 1810 and put his eldest son, John Hewson Jr., in charge of the calico printing business. In 1816, John Hewson Jr. announced that Hewson, Connell & Company had built “at considerable expense, a glass establishment, on the lot adjoining the Old Glass Works in Kensington.” Tax records indicate that the new glassworks was located on the same 2-acre lot as the calico printing factory. The partners had also erected a new steel furnace, located on an adjoining lot. In June 1818, the Kensington Glass Works was in blast. It offered gallon, half-gallon, quart, and pint jars; gallon, half-gallon, and quart bottles; and pint and half-pint flasks for sale.6 City directory listings suggest that John Connell managed glass and steel production and Hewson operated the calico printing business. John Hewson Sr. lived as a retired gentleman “near the Glass House.” One of his letters written in 1819 gave his return address as the “Mansion House” on Point Road. When he died on October 11, 1821, at the age of 77, John Hewson Jr. inherited everything associated with his calico printing business.7Dr. Dyott and John Hewson Jr.In October 1819, Dr. Thomas W. Dyott advertised as agent for not only the Olive and Gloucester glassworks in South Jersey, but also the Kensington factory. He used and sold the products of the Kensington Glass Works at his “Cheap Drug, Chemical, Glass and Family Medicine Warehouse,” on the northeast corner of Second and Race Streets. Dr. Dyott’s involvement in the Kensington Glass Works came at a critical juncture. American manufacturing suffered a sharp decline in 1816–1817 when peace with Britain brought back transatlantic trade. A credit crisis and the collapse of American agricultural export prices brought about the financial Panic of 1819. Unable to operate the glassworks in the stagnant economy, Joseph Ball tried to find someone to lease the factory “for one or more years.” During 1820, 1821, and 1822—the darkest years of the panic—John Connell and John Hewson continued to list themselves in directories as glass manufacturer and calico printer, respectively. The Kensington Glass Works was up and running again in 1823, when druggist Edward Lowber announced that he was the agent for the sale of window glass made at the factory, but John Connell was no longer associated with it.8John Hewson Jr. identified himself as a calico printer in city directories up until 1825. In May of that year, the calico printing factory adjoining the Kensington Glass Works was advertised for lease. Hewson gave his full attention to manufacturing glass; his partner in the enterprise was Thomas W. Dyott. Dr. Dyott had been a family acquaintance for some time, having apprenticed one of John Jr.’s nephews as a druggist in 1814.9 In the summer of 1825, Dr. Dyott began advertising the large variety of glassware manufactured at the Philadelphia and Kensington factories to retailers. His inventory included:Apothecaries’ Vials, Patent Medicine Vials, Cologne Water Vials, Mustard and Cayenne Vials, Quart Bottles, half-gallon bottles, Washington and Eagle Pint Flasks, Lafayette and Eagle Pint Flasks, Dyott and Franklin Pint Flasks, Ship Franklin and Agricul[ture] Flasks, assorted Eagles etc Flasks, Common Ribbed Flasks, Eagle, Cornucopia, etc. h[al]f pints, Jars, assort’d, all sizes, Druggists and Confectioners Show Bottles, Packing Bottles, assorted sizes, Acid Bottles, gro. Stoppers, Tincture Bottles, all sizes, Mineral Water Bottles, Snuff Bottles, and Demijohns, different sizes. 10Thomas W. Dyott made his first purchase of land in Kensington in 1822. It was a piece of property at the intersection of Prince (now Girard) and Wood (now Susquehanna) Streets, adjoining land John Hewson Jr. owned. This land later became the site of Dyottville married worker housing.11Dyottville Glass Works, 1830–1844 In 1830, Dr. Dyott purchased the Hewson lot along Gunner’s Run for $20,000 from the Ball family. Three years later, he purchased the old glasshouse lot from the Rowland family for $12,100. His last purchase in the area was a few acres along Richmond Street adjoining the old glasshouse lot for $8,000. By this time, John Hewson Jr. had severed all ties to glassmaking to pursue his religious interests. The way was now clear for Thomas W. Dyott to create a labor commune based on his Methodist principals of temperance. Dr. Dyott claimed to have been a partner in the Kensington Glass Works since 1818. He named it Dyottville and the glassworks became the Dyottville Glass Works. Despite the new name, Dr. Dyott continued to reference the more familiar Philadelphia and Kensington glass factory names in his advertisements until 1837. He described Dyottville as a swamp when he got it and reportedly spent between $200,000 and $300,000 to build the wharves and other improvements.12With a patent medicine empire to run, Dr. Dyott enlisted the aid of his brother, Michael, to manage the glassworks. Michael Dyott arrived from England in 1829 and established his home in the factory yard. Besides his immediate family, he had 15 young men between the ages of 15 and 29 living in his household who were probably journeymen at the glass factory or support staff for the fledgling Dyottville community.13 In 1830, Dyottville had three distinct glass factories. By 1833, there were five furnaces in operation, with annealing ovens and ovens for drying wood. Support buildings included packing houses, a cutting or grinding shop to make bottle stoppers, batch and mill houses to grind and mix materials, a pot house, a clay house, a blacksmith’s shop, a wheelwright’s shop, a cooper’s shop, a turner’s shop, and a carpenter’s shop. Michael Dyott was put in charge of the Dyottville community as well as glassmaking operations, and Dyottville took on the appearance of a prosperous little village. It had three large homes (for Michael Dyott, the chief clerk, and the school teachers) and a neighborhood of brick row houses for workers with families, in addition to dormitories and dining halls, a bakery, a laundry, a butcher, and a general store. One of the hallmarks of the Dyottville labor system was the attention to feeding the body in addition to nurturing the mind, spirit, and character of the worker. Michael Dyott managed a farm and dairy on an adjoining 300–400 acres of land along the river to supply the residents of Dyottville with an abundant and healthy diet.14 The Dyottville Glass Works employed 300 people in 1833, of whom 225 were apprentices. All of the Dyottville workers were required to participate in religious services, athletic activities, school room lessons, and edifying lectures. Not surprisingly, Dyottville had its own temperance society. Dr. Dyott promised extra rewards and compensations for those employees who demonstrated their piety and hard work. Fines were used as corrective measures.15 Visitors flocked to the Dyottville Glass Works to see Dr. Dyott’s labor and education system put into practice, for which he was universally lauded. At the apex of his business career in patent medicine and glass, Dr. Dyott aspired to be a banker. He opened the Manual Labor Bank in February 1836 near the corner of Second and Race Streets. Unable to acquire a banking charter, Dr. Dyott pledged $500,000 of his personal wealth to back up the bank’s credit.16 The Panic of 1837 triggered a run on his bank in April 1837, which revealed insufficient cash to This bank note was issued by Dr. Dyott’s Manual Labor Bank on August 2, 1836, to cover a debt of $10 to Daniel Man. Dr. Dyott opened his private bank to encourage saving among his workers. Private collection, AECOM scan, 2012. 24 | Vol 2 | 2017 | River Chroniclescover accounts or redeem the many bank notes he had issued. Dr. Dyott borrowed money to keep the bank open, but behind the scenes took steps to protect his large fortune. On July 1, 1837, Dr. Dyott quietly began to put his personal property and real-estate holdings under the names of different family members—including the Dyottville Glass Works, which Dr. Dyott rented to his brother, Michael, for $25,000 a year. The glassworks usually netted a profit between $25,000 and $30,000 per year. Michael B. Dyott gave his brother an IOU for $7,500 to pay for all the equipment and stock-in-trade associated with the Dyottville Glass Works. In the autumn of 1837, Michael built a turpentine factory at Dyottville. Hoping to reap a windfall, the Dyott brothers converted one of the Dyottville buildings into a machine shop and began the manufacture of a new type of steam engine.17 The Manual Labor Bank failed on November 4, 1837, effectively destroying Dr. Dyott’s credit and reputation in the community. Arrangements were made to redeem Manual Labor Bank notes primarily by exchanging them for groceries, drugs, medicines, paints, glassware, or other merchandise stocked in any of the three Dyott stores on Second Street—a glass and drug store, a grocery store, and a dry goods store—or at the grocery and variety stores in Dyottville. All of the Dyott retail stores closed in the autumn of 1838.18The fires went out at the Dyottville Glass Works in April 1838. At the beginning of July, Michael B. Dyott had three glasshouses and two packing houses filled with glassware with an estimated value of $4,000 or $4,500. Michael raised money for steam-engine production at Dyottville by stripping the glassworks of moveable property. Witnesses testified that Dyottville glassware was transported by scow down to the Philadelphia wharves in the autumn of 1838—contrary to the agreement that all the glass made at Dyottville was to be sent to the glass store on Second Street. During the year, Michael B. Dyott had recurring bouts of illness that culminated in his death on December 31, 1838. The engine-building business did not survive the loss of its main backer.19Daniel Sheets (also spelled Sheetz) and Hugh Duffy purchased $116 worth of glassware directly from Michael B. Dyott after the glassworks closed. They filled a large barn with their glassware. Sheets had been a Dyottville glassblower for nine years, but had known Dr. Dyott since 1825. After getting laid off, he began buying and selling goods. Besides the glassware, he bought glass molds, two carts, a wagon, some wood, and coal from Michael. A sheriff’s sale was held at Dyottville after Michael B. Dyott’s death to sell what remained there of his personal property. Daniel Sheets paid bargain prices for pots, molds, and clay. Sheets and Duffy began advertising their Kensington Vial & Bottle Works, located at the “Upper Yard, Dyottville, Kensington.”20River Chronicles | Vol 2 | 2017 | 25Dr. Dyott petitioned the insolvent court for relief from his debts. Newspapers published transcripts of the testimony presented during the 11-day hearing in February and March 1839. It appeared that Dr. Dyott had indeed disposed of his property to family members under suspicious circumstances, but more damning was the testimony of Stephen Simpson. As the cashier of the Manual Labor Bank, Simpson was responsible for its daily operations. By placing all the blame for the bank’s failure on Dr. Dyott, Simpson escaped the public’s acrimony and legal prosecution. The court refused the petition for insolvency and a criminal case was brought against Dr. Dyott for fraudulent insolvency. The trial of Dr. Dyott began on April 29, 1839. It was covered by newspapers throughout the country because of his fame as the patent medicine king. The jury found Dr. Dyott guilty, a verdict that carried a punishment of one to seven years of hard labor in solitary confinement. He was sentenced to three years in the Eastern State Penitentiary. Dr. Dyott received a pardon from the governor of Pennsylvania after serving almost two years.21On November 4, 1839, the Dyottville property went on the auction block at a sheriff’s sale. The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company paid $21,000 through an agent for the former Hewson lot. The company had plans to establish a coal depot on its riverside property. The old glasshouse lot was sold to Samuel Comley, a dry goods merchant, for $1,050. The latter parcel of land included the following improvements: an 18-×-35-foot brick and frame clay house; a 12-foot-square, two-story brick house attached to another brick house of the same size; a frame stable; a 17-×-35-foot frame and brick blacksmith shop; a 14-×-20-foot stone building used as a clay oven; and a 334-foot-long wharf. In the 1870s, the old glasshouse lot was part of the Watson and Gillingham Lumber Yard. 22In 1842, the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company leased the former Dyottville Glass Works on Gunner’s Run to Henry Seybert, a wealthy philanthropist and major shareholder. Henry Seybert got the glassworks up and running to make bottles for Henry Roussell, a soda and mineral water producer. Seybert had been trained in chemistry and mineralogy at the School of Mines in Paris, and his foray into bottle making was not an effort to start a new business so much as putting his skills to work in something that would offer an alternative to drinking alcohol. Henry Seybert continued the Dyottville Glass Works brand name in the bottles he produced. In December 1843, it was reported that one of the Dyottville furnaces had started a fire, which was extinguished without causing serious damage.23Detail of lithograph of the Dyottville Glass Works, as seen from the Aramingo Canal, showing the factory with two furnace chimneys, 1858, by Alexander Easton. David McNeely Stauffer Collection (1095), vol. 1, page 56, digital record number 6000, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 26 | Vol 2 | 2017 | River ChroniclesThe Benners Years, 1844–Circa 1902Henry Bartleson Benners, commonly known as H. B., took over from Henry Seybert in 1844. For generations, the Benners family had been merchant ship captains sailing around the world. Henry’s father and uncle had left the sea and established a successful wine and liquor business in Philadelphia. H. B. was born in 1818 and grew up in the Northern Liberties. He received a private-school education and attended the Franklin Institute High School, where a practical education in the sciences and mechanical arts was taught along with liberal arts courses. After his graduation in 1835, H. B. prepared for a business career at the firm of John R. Neff, one of Philadelphia’s leading shipping merchants, with offices throughout the South. In 1840, he moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, where he opened a wholesale grocery and shipping firm. H. B. returned home to Philadelphia in 1844. It is likely that he was already acquainted with Henry Seybert, who had a long association with the Franklin Institute.24H. B. took two partners into the glassmaking firm: Quinton Campbell Jr., his brother-in-law, whose family was in banking and insurance, and Stephen Decatur Smith, whose family ran the merchant shipping firm of Gurney & Smith. The Benners, Smith & Campbell partnership was officially announced in September 1846, emphasizing that all business of the former proprietor of the Dyottville Glass Works was now in their hands. They manufactured carboys, demijohns, wine, porter, and mineral water bottles, jars, tumblers, and all kinds of druggist glass, with particular attention given to private molds. In June 1849, Philadelphia papers reported the destruction of the former Kensington Glass Works at Dyottville, occupied by the firm of German glassblowers Ferdinand Storms and Henry Fox. Despite sustaining $2,000 in damage, Storms, Fox & Company was soon back in business. The fire also destroyed the glass warehouse of Sheets & Duffy, a blacksmith shop, a wheelwright shop, two small brick dwellings, and several stables and outbuildings. The Dyottville Glass Works of Benners, Smith & Campbell suffered no damage.25In 1850, the firm of Benners, Smith & Campbell reported that their glass factory, capitalized at $70,000, had produced 13,000 packages of bottles and hollowware in one year valued at $80,000. The partnership dissolved in 1852. Quinton Campbell retired to a life as a country gentleman, but the parting was not amicable with Decatur Smith. He filed an injunction to restrain H. B. Benners from carrying on the glassmaking business and had the property of the firm put into the hands of a receiver. The lease for the Dyottville Glass Works went up for sale on August 17, 1852. The sale included “such fixtures and tools as are considered indispensable for the manufacture of Green Glass Hollow Ware.” H. B. Benners and his brother James bought the lease and equipment, and Decatur Smith became a partner with Samuel Whitney in a glass factory in Glassboro, New Jersey.26Two days after getting Dyottville back, H. B. and James purchased a lot on the other side of Richmond Street for $17,000 for another glass factory. The Benners brothers invested $200,000 in their glass factories and, with 300 employees, produced 2,800 tons of glass in 1860. They made carboys and demijohns of all sizes, wine, porter, brown stout, and mineral water bottles, pickle and preserve jars, and bottles and vials of every description. In 1856, they took their younger brother, George W., into the firm. James retired in 1860 and the firm continued as H. B. & G. W. Benners. After George died in 1870, Henry B. Benners continued as sole proprietor.27Henry B. Benners purchased the Dyottville Glass Works from the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company in 1869 for $47,900. The following year, he reported on his two glass factories to the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Demijohns and carboys were produced at one factory, while wine, porter, mineral water, and other types of bottles were made at the other factory. The two factories produced $120,000 worth of glass in 1870. H. B. Benners had an active social life and spent a good deal of his time enjoying recreational pursuits and traveling. Albert H. Parke, who was also a family friend, superintended the glassworks. The Dyottville Glass Works had about 150 workers in 1886, some of whom were third-generation employees. Despite having survived the Panic of 1873 and the period of economic stagnation that followed, labor problems and a growing national temperance movement threatened the continuation of the glassworks.28H. B. Benners died in 1892. He willed cash legacies to his two daughters, Phebe H. Ashbridge and Sallie Benners. All the income from the remainder of his estate—that is, the Dyottville Glass Works—was willed to his wife, Elizabeth Hains, for her lifetime. Upon her death, his estate would pass to his daughters. He chose his wife, Elizabeth, his widowed daughter, Phebe, and his trusted friend, Albert H. Parke, to be the executors of his will. An inventory taken of his personal property included the glass at Dyottville ($22,190.54), the glass at his store ($1,245.86), the tools, equipment, and the stockpile of materials at the glassworks ($17,139.24)—Calico describes a variety of cotton cloth that may be left natural, bleached, dyed, or printed. The somewhat generic term comes from Calicut, a trading port along the southwest coast of India. The East India Company transported plain and brightly colored cotton from Calicut and other Indian cities to the West. Block printed or painted cotton could also be called chintz, especially when the fabric was glazed to give it a slight sheen. The soft texture and colorfast block-printed floral patterns made calico and chintz very desirable for clothing and household items.1John Hewson trained at a renowned textile printing shop in London before establishing Philadelphia’s first calico works at the future site of Dyottville.2 He and other American manufacturers tried to convince consumers to “buy American” instead of fashionable—and often less expensive—imported wares. This was particularly true after the American Revolution, when English and continental merchants dumped stockpiled merchandise on the American market. Hewson appealed directly to George Washington by letter on February 27, 1793: “A Citizen / Presents to the Consort of our most worthy President; a piece of elegant Chintz, the fabrick of which was imported from India, in an American Bottom: and printed by the Subscriber in his manufactory at Kensington, adjoining the glass-house...” Hewson hoped Martha would wear a dress made of this fabric to encourage “the more affluent of our citizens” to buy American goods.3 - Mary C. MillsBedcover detail, printed cotton, 1780–1810, John Hewson Sr., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, museum purchase, 1963.48. Courtesy of the Winterthur Museum.Explorations in HistoryWhat Is Calico?River Chronicles | Vol 2 | 2017 | 27all of which contributed to a personal estate valued at more than $80,000. The estate of Henry B. Benners owned and operated the Dyottville Glass Works under the superintendence of Albert H. Parke. In 1901, H. B. Benners’s daughters sold the Dyottville Glass Works, on the east side of Richmond Street, back to the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company; it was torn down by 1904. The daughters sold off the other part of the Dyottville Glass Works complex on the west side of Richmond Street in 1902. That property passed through the hands of several agents before being conveyed to Edward T. Stotesbury in 1905. He was one of the trustees who managed the financial affairs of the William Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Company. The former glass furnace building and other storage buildings were reused by Cramp until demolished around 1912 to make way for construction of the I. P. Morris Company Machine Shop No. 2 Building. I. P. Morris was an engine-manufacturing subsidiary of Cramp & Sons.29The glassworks may have met its end, but the name Dyottville Glass Works lived on under the partnership of Albert H. Parke and J. Watson Grace. Parke & Grace had a bottle warehouse on Water Street until a fire forced a move over to 119 North Front Street. The partners frequently ran help-wanted ads for experienced willow or reed workers to cover demijohns. The Dyottville Glass Works name continued to be used to identify their business, which was moved to 139 North Front Street in 1910. Albert H. Parke retired in 1918 at the age of 79, having devoted 60 years to the glass business. He saw the handwriting on the wall. The National Prohibition Act went into effect in January 1920, giving government agents the power to close places where liquor was sold, stored, or produced illegally and issue steep fines and jail sentences to those who manufactured, transported, or sold illegal liquor. Parke & Grace had listed themselves as wholesale glass bottle merchants in directories and census records until 1919, when the firm listed itself as a basket, rattan, and willowware business. However, John Watson Grace continued selling bottles until indicted in a mail-order bootlegging scheme in 1924.30This flask, produced at the famed Kensington Glass Works, represents a piece of early Philadelphia memorabilia. One side features a likeness of Benjamin Franklin, while the other is embossed with a bust of Dr. Dyott. This nearly complete flask was recovered from outside of the foundation wall of the 1816 Dyott glass house. The earliest examples of figured glass containers of this type are Masonic-eagle flasks manufactured by the Flint Glass Factory in Keene, New Hampshire, in late 1815.1 Within a few years, Dr. Dyott was advertising flasks with patriotic themes made at his glassworks in Philadelphia. In 1822, he offered three designs: “American Eagle, ship Franklin, Agricultural and Masonic pocket bottles.”2 The success of Dyott’s flasks is implied by the addition of several new designs two years later, when he introduced flasks featuring Washington, Lafayette, and Franklin.3 The production of the Lafayette flask coincided with his visit to the United States in September 1824.4From 1825 through 1828, newspapers in Philadelphia, Boston, New York, and Baltimore carried an advertisement similar to the one shown here from the Athens Gazette in Tennessee, dated January 7, 1826. This notice mentions a number of flasks and identifies the themes represented on both sides of each. In describing the flasks with his own likeness, Dyott gave himself top billing, calling them “Dyott and Franklin flasks.” This advertisement differed from most of the others Dyott placed in listing specific quantities of flasks and other glass. He offered 3,000 dozen or a total of 36,000 “Dyott and Franklin” pint flasks. The advertisement was printed in different cities, repeating 28 | Vol 2 | 2017 | River ChroniclesBoth sides of a Dyott and Franklin pint flask, light aquamarine color, with straight finish, rough lip and blow pipe/open pontil scar on base (height 7 inches). Photograph by Chester Cunanan, 2017.The Dyott and Franklin FlaskIMMORTALIZED IN GLASSRebecca L. Whiteand Franklin FlaskED IN GLASSRiver Chronicles | Vol 2 | 2017 | 29the same numbers in each. By showing huge quantities for individual types of glassware, Dyott revealed the extent of his manufacturing capabilities. The mention of substantial volumes indicated to druggists and merchants in other parts of the country that Dyott was prepared to fill large orders. Furthermore, the wide variety of figural flasks offered provided more options for the individual consumer. None of Dyott’s advertisements after 1828 furnished the same details regarding the flask designs. It is not clear if the glassworks discontinued the production of the figured flasks after that date or if they were common products by that time and no longer warranted specific mention. There are no illustrations or further descriptions from this time period, but flasks featuring these patriotic figures and themes have survived in museums and private collections. Glass collector and historian George S. McKearin studied American flasks and created a coding system for cataloging them that his daughter, Helen, continued, and that is still used today.5The figured flasks made at the Kensington Glass Works were blown into full-sized two-piece metal molds.6 There were four variations of Franklin flasks manufactured at Dyott’s Kensington works. This flask is the most complete example of a Dyott and Franklin type recovered during archaeological excavations. The outer edge of the flask is embossed “WHERE LIBERTY DWELLS THERE IS MY COUNTRY,” with “BENJAMIN FRANKLIN” arched around his likeness. The opposite side is lettered “KENSINGTON GLASS WORKS PHILADELPHIA,” with “T. W. DYOTT, M.D.” above Dyott’s bust. The quotation “Where liberty dwells…” was associated with Franklin long before it appeared on flasks. On August 16, 1788, the Pennsylvania Journal published a description of a “Grand Procession” in New York City. Among the participants were “printers, bookbinders and stationers” carrying a standard that celebrated Franklin. Next >