< PreviousA. McElroy, comp., A M’Elroy’s Philadelphia Directory, for 1841 (Philadelphia: Orrin Rogers, 1841), 45, William R. Claridge, 126, J. T. Hotchkiss, 157, W. Lippincott; A. McElroy, comp., M’Elroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1842 (Philadelphia: Orrin Rogers, 1842), 125, J. T. Hotchkiss; A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1843 (Philadelphia: Edward C. Biddle, 1843), 47, Wm. R. Claridge; “U.S., College Student Lists, 1763–1924,” entry for J. Temple Hotchkiss, M. D., 1842, p. 510, 1922, University of Pennsylvania, Ancestry.com database accessed August 2017, http://www.ancestry.com; “Sheriff’s Sale,” Constitution, and Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Advertiser [Woodbury, NJ], September 14, 1841, 2; Gloucester County Deed Books U3:174 and Z3:515, microfilm on file at the Gloucester County Historical Society, Woodbury, NJ.8. “Died,” Public Ledger, July 15, 1839, 2; “Married,” Constitution, and Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Advertiser, April 21, 1840, 3; “Claridge’s Compound Syrup of Buckthorn,” advertisement, Public Ledger, December 17, 1845, 2; “Rudolph’s Infant’s Friend of Carminative Cordial,” advertisement, Public Ledger, July 17, 1847, 4; “Read The Following, And Be Convinced!” advertisement, Public Ledger, November 21, 1849, 3; 1850 United States Federal Census, entries for John Rudolph and James F. Rudolph, 2nd Precinct, 3rd Ward, Spring Garden District, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, Ancestry.com database accessed August 2017, http://www.ancestry.com; “North America, Family Histories, 1500–2000,” entry for Claridge Rudolph, 52252 (p. 116), Lineage Book of the Charter Members of the DAR Vol 053, Daughters of the American Revolution, Ancestry.com database accessed August 2017; A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1844 (Philadelphia: Edward C. & John Biddle, 1844), 271, J. F. Rudolph; A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1847 (Philadelphia: Edward C. & John Biddle, 1847), 298, J. F. Rudolph.9. “Philadelphia, October 2, 1845,” public notice/advertisement, Public Ledger, October 8, 1845, 3; “Eagle Glass Works, Kensington,” advertisement, Public Ledger, February 3, 1846, 2; “Notice—The Co-Partnership,” public notice, Public Ledger, February 27, 1846, 2; “Notice,” public notice, Public Ledger, February 18, 1847, 3; A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1848 (Philadelphia: Edward C. & John Biddle, 1848), 126; “James A. Freeman,” advertisement, Pennsylvania Inquirer & National Gazette [Philadelphia], May 28, 1849, 3; Benjamin Moore, Plan of the Survey and regulation of the Eastern Section of the Kensington District of the Northern Liberties (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Streets Department, Survey and Designs Bureau, 1849), Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network, accessed September 2017, http://www.philageohistory.com; J. C. Sidney, Map of the City of Philadelphia Together with All the surrounding Districts, including Camden, N.J. (Philadelphia: Smith & Wistar, 1849); 1850 United States Federal Census, entries for Wm. H. Fowler, Richard Fordham, 5th Ward, Kensington District, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, and John M Scott, 1st Ward, Albany, Albany County, New York, Ancestry.com database accessed March 2018, http://www.ancestry.com; 1860 United States Federal Census, entry for John S. Harding, Clayton Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, Ancestry.com database accessed March 2018; Frank H. Stewart, comp., “Journal of Samuel Huffsey, Glassblower Who Wrote of Historic Events,” in The New Jersey Society of Pennsylvania Year Book for 1930, ed. Louis B. Moffett (New Jersey Society of Pennsylvania, 1931), 104.10. The short-lived “only firm of Practical Glass Blowers” at Eagle may have been inspired by nearby Union Flint Glass Works, which operated as a cooperative venture from 1826 to 1842 (further evidence for this theory is the presence of Eagle’s William C. Garton among the founding partners of the cooperative Spring Garden Glass Works, a bottle factory operating in Baltimore from 1850 to 1856); Mary Margaret Cheek, “The Cooperative Venture of The Union Glass Works, Kensington, Pennsylvania, 1826–1842,” Journal of Glass Studies 39 (1997), 93–100; McKearin and Wilson, American Bottles & Flasks and Their Ancestry, 130.11. “Philadelphia, October 2, 1845,” Public Ledger, October 8, 1845, 3; “Eagle Glass Works, Kensington,” Public Ledger, February 3, 1846, 2; John G. O’Brien, O’Brien’s Philadelphia Wholesale Business Directory and United States, South America, and West India Circular, For the Year 1849 (Philadelphia: John G. O’Brien, 1849), 198, Claridge & Rudolph, Eagle Glass Works.12. Tod von Mechow, “Bottle 05013AA – Eagle Glass Works,” Soda & Beer Bottles of North America, May 2012, accessed February 2018, http://www.sodasandbeers.com/SABShowBottle.aspx?Bottle=05013AA&Firm_Number=5013; several bottle examples contributed by and courtesy of Glass Works Auctions and Western Glass 70 | Vol 3 | 2018 | River ChroniclesAuctions; von Mechow, “Bottle 05013AB – Eagle Glass Works”; bottle variant contributed by Chris Rowell.13. Von Mechow, “Bottle 05013AA – Eagle Glass Works”; von Mechow, “Bottle 05013AB – Eagle Glass Works.”14. Von Mechow, “Bottle 05013AA – Eagle Glass Works”; von Mechow, “Bottle 05013AB – Eagle Glass Works”; the mold variations relate to the smaller width of a known bottle, and the different placement of, or absence of, a dot in the embossing—known Eagle Glass Works bottles have a dot above the space between “EAGLE” and “WORKS,” a dot above the “W” in “WORKS,” or no dot at all. 15. Frederick Klett and Josiah W. Dallam v. William R. Claridge and James F. Rudolph, 267, June Term 1848, Debit, Single Bill (D.S.B.), Docket (RG 22.2), prothonotary of the [Philadelphia County] District Court, Philadelphia Department of Records; Frederick Klett et al. v. William R. Claridge and James F. Rudolph, 5, September Term 1848, Execution Docket (RG 22.3), prothonotary of the [Philadelphia County] District Court, Philadelphia Department of Records; Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, “Claridge & Rudolph versus Klett & Co.,” in Pennsylvania State Reports, Containing Reports of the Cases Adjudged by The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, vol. XV (Philadelphia: George T. Bisel Company, 1856), 255–256, 258; James Kopaczewski, “House of Refuge,” The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, online encyclopedia accessed April 2018, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/house-of-refuge/.16. Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, “Claridge & Rudolph versus Klett & Co.,” 256–257; Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, “Bennet versus Young,” in Pennsylvania State Reports, Containing Reports of the Cases Adjudged by The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, vol. XVIII (Philadelphia: Kay & Brother, 1858), 261; “James A. Freeman,” advertisement, Pennsylvania Inquirer & National Gazette, May 28, 1849, 3; “James A. Freeman, Auct’r.,” advertisement, Public Ledger, May 31, 1849, 3.17. Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, “Claridge & Rudolph versus Klett & Co.,” 257–258.18. Ibid., 258.19. Ibid. 258–259; Fredrick Klett and Josiah W. Dallam v. Edwin Young, 337, and Frederick Klett and Josiah W. Dallam v. William R. Claridge and James R. Rudolph, 338, September Term 1849, Appearance Docket (RG 22.1), prothonotary of the [Philadelphia County] District Court, Philadelphia Department of Records.20. “Port Richmond on the Delaware shoreline lithograph, 1850,” Historical Society of Pennsylvania, #Bd 72 R 414.21. A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1849 (Philadelphia: Edward C. & John Biddle, 1849), 62, William R. Claridge; ibid. 1850, 69, Wm. R. Claridge; ibid. 1851, 69, Wm. R. Claridge; ibid. 1852, 73, Wm. R. Claridge; ibid. 1853, 69, William R. Claridge; ibid. 1855, 89, Wm. R. Claridge; ibid. 1856, 103, Wm. R. Claridge; A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia City Directory, for 1859 (Philadelphia: Edward C. & John Biddle, 1859), 116, Wm. R. Claridge; ibid. 1861, 160, W. R. Claridge; Isaac Costa, comp., Gopsill’s Philadelphia City and Business Directory for 1868–69 (Philadelphia: James Gopsill, 1868), 362, William R. Claridge; Isaac Costa, comp., Gopsill’s Philadelphia City Directory for 1869 (Philadelphia: James Gopsill, 1869), 343, William R. Claridge; ibid. 1880, 339, William R. Claridge; James Gopsill’s Sons, Gopsill’s Philadelphia City Directory, for 1890 (Philadelphia: James Gopsill’s Sons, 1890), 357, William R. Claridge; “Dr. William R. Claridge Dead,” obituary, Philadelphia Inquirer, March 31, 1893, 7; [Pennsylvania] State Board of Health, Fourth Annual Report of the State Board of Health and Vital Statistics of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1889), 932–933.22. A. McElroy, comp., McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory, for 1850 (Philadelphia: Edward C. & John Biddle, 1850), 359, J. F. Rudolph; ibid. 1855, 479, J. F. Rudolph; Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, “Bennet versus Young,” 261; “Read The Following, And Be Convinced!” advertisement, Public Ledger, November 21, 1849, 3; “Charlotte C. Rudolph,” death notice, Public Ledger, April 16, 1850, 2; “Nuttall’s Syriacum, The Cure For Pulmonary Consumption,” advertisement, Philadelphia Inquirer, January 28, 1851, 3.23. Peter E. Palmquist and Thomas R. Kailbourn, Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Directory, 1840–1865 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 463-464; 1860 United States Federal Census, entry for Mary Rudolph, Division 1, 14th Ward, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ancestry.com database accessed August 2017, http://www.ancestry.com; “Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Church and River Chronicles | Vol 3 | 2018 | 71Town Records, 1669–1999,” entries for Charlotte C. Rudolph and Julia Rudolph, interments, Mt. Peace Cemetery, Ancestry.com database accessed August 2017; “Died,” death notice for Julia A. Rudolph, Sacramento Daily Record-Union, January 3, 1891, 7; “Died in Texas,” obituary, Record-Union [Sacramento, CA], August 23, 1896, 4.Homegrown History Daniel King, Alexandra Crowder, and Matthew Olson1. AECOM, “1018 Palmer Street Property History,” Digging I95, October 19, 2017, accessed July 2018, https://diggingi95.com/archaeological-sites/historic-sites/cramp-bumm/1018-palmer-street-property-history/.2. Hannah Glasse, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, rev. ed. (1796; repr., Schenectady, NY: United States Historical Research Service, 1994), 270; Amelia Simmons, American Cookery, or the Art of Dressing Viands, Fish, Poultry, and Vegetables, and the Best Modes of Making Pastes, Puffs, Pies, Tarts, Puddings, Custards and Preserves, and All Kinds of Cakes, from the Imperial Plumb to Plain Cake (Hartford, CT: Printed for Simeon Butler, 1798), 33.3. Thomas F. De Voe, Market Assistant, Containing a Brief Description of Every Article of Human Food Sold in the Public Markets of the Cities of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867); Catherine Esther Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy, For the Use of Young Ladies at Home and at School (1848; repr., London: Forgotten Books, 2012), 331–351; Teagan A. Schweitzer, “Philadelphia Foodways ca. 1750–1850: An Historical Archaeology of Cuisine” (PhD diss., Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 2010). 4. De Voe, Market Assistant, 376; John King and Robert S. Newton, The Eclectic Dispensatory of the United States of America (Cincinnati: H. W. Derby & Co., 1852), 176.5. Rudy J. Favretti and Gordon P. DeWolf, “Colonial Garden Plants,” Arnoldia 31, no. 4 (1971): 223; King and Newton, Eclectic Dispensatory, 362.6. Clarissa F. Dillon, “‘A Large, an useful, and a grateful Field’: Eighteenth-century kitchen gardens in southeastern Pennsylvania, the uses of the plants, and their place in women’s work” (PhD diss., Bryn Mawr College, 1986), 333.7. Ibid., 120; Schweitzer, “Philadelphia Foodways,” 65.8. Nelson Agricultural Commission, Nelson 250th Anniversary Colonial-Inspired Dooryard Garden (Nelson, NH: Nelson Agricultural Commission, 2018), 2, accessed July 19, 2018, http://nelsonhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Nelson-Colonial-Garden-1.pdf.9. Ann Leighton, American Gardens of the Nineteenth Century: For Comfort and Affluence (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Pres, 1987), 339; Washburn and Company, Amateur Cultivator’s Guide to the Flower and Kitchen Garden (Boston: Washburn and Company, Seed Merchants, 1872), 53.10. Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century, 417.11. De Voe, Market Assistant, 332; Marie-Christine Daunay and Jules Janick, “History and Iconography of Eggplant,” Chronica Horticulturae 47, no. 3 (2007): 20; Washburn and Company, Amateur Cultivator’s Guide, 17. A Rare and Unexpected Find Jack Cresson1. Richard A. Regensburg, “The Savich Farm Site: A Preliminary Report,” Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 32, nos. 1 and 2 (October 1970): 20–23; R. Alan Mounier, Looking Beneath the Surface: The Story of Archaeology in New Jersey (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003), 168–174. 2. E. W. Hawkes and Ralph Linton, A Pre-Lenape Site in New Jersey, University Museum Anthropological Publications, no. 6 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1916), 57–58; Dorothy Cross, The Archaeology of New Jersey, vol. 1 (Trenton, NJ: Archaeological Society of New Jersey and the New Jersey State Museum, 1941), 81–90.3. Regensberg, “Savich Farm Site”; note that the author participated in the Savich Farm Site excavations and has had discussions with Regensberg on various issues dealing with the lithic technology of the Savich Farm assemblage—e.g., manufacturing traits of flaked and ground implements of argillaceous materials, some of Triassic Lockatong argillite, others of Ordovician Wanatage argillite.4. John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdotes, & Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants from the Days of the Pilgrim Founders (Philadelphia and New York: E. L. Carey, A. Hart, and G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 657.5. J. Thomas Scharf and Thomas Wescott, History of Philadelphia 1609–1884, Vol. III (Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Co., 1884), 1890.72 | Vol 3 | 2018 | River ChroniclesBuy American!1. Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 23.2. Susan A. Myers, Handcraft to Industry: Philadelphia Ceramics in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980), 2–3; Douglas A. Irwin, “The Aftermath of Hamilton’s ‘Report on Manufactures,’” The Journal of Economic History 64, no. 3 (2004): 800–821.Finding Queensware Rebecca L. White, George Cress, Thomas J. Kutys, and Meta Janowitz1. “Queen’s Ware,” The Wedgwood Museum, accessed May 30, 2018, http://www.wedgwoodmuseum.org.uk/learning/discovery_packs/pack/lives-of-the-wedgwoods/chapter/queens-ware. 2. Ibid.3. Dictionary.com, s.v. “queensware,” accessed May 2018, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/queensware. 4. Susan H. Myers, “A Survey of Traditional Pottery Manufacture in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 6 (1977): 5.5. John Bedell, Ingrid Wuebber, Meta Janowitz, Marie-Lorraine Pipes, and Charles LeeDecker, Farm Life on the Appoquinimink, 1750–1830: Archaeological Discoveries at the McKean/Cochran Farm Site, Odessa, New Castle County, Delaware, Delaware Department of Transportation Archaeology Series No. 156, report prepared by Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., East Orange, New Jersey, 1999, 215–220; Richard J. Dent, Charles LeeDecker, Meta F. Janowitz, Marie-Lorraine Pipes, Ingrid Wuebber, Mallory A. Gordon, Henry M. R. Holt, Christy Roper, Gerard Scharfenberger, and Sharla Azizi, Archaeological and Historical Investigations of the Metropolitan Detention Center (36Ph91), Philadelphia, PA, report prepared for the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission by Louis Berger & Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1997, 43–50.6. Thomas Vickers, letter to Thomas Rotch, June 5, 1817, Massillon Memory, accessed February 22, 2017, http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15005coll39/id/851/show/847; Rebecca L. White, Meta F. Janowitz, George D. Cress, and Thomas J. Kutys, “The Rise and Fall of American Queensware, 1807–1822,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 46 (2018): 25.7. Edwin Atlee Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States (1893; repr. New York: Feingold and Lewis, 1976), 104–105.8. “Circular,” notice, Mercantile Advertiser [New York, NY], February 2, 1802, 3, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/. 9. “To the Friends of American Manufactures,” notice, United States Gazette [Philadelphia, PA], August 3, 1807, 2, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/; Susan A. Myers, Handcraft to Industry: Philadelphia Ceramics in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980), 53.10. Charles J. F. Binney, Genealogy of the Binney Family in the United States (Albany, NY: J. Munsell’s Sons., 1886), 222, 223, accessed April 2015, https://archive.org/details/genealogyofbinne00binn.11. “Pennsylvania, Naturalization Records from Supreme and District Court,” entry for Alexander Trotter, December 1, 1807, Archive Roll: RG 33: 791, Supreme Court Naturalization Papers 1794–1868, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Ancestry.com database accessed April 7, 2015.12. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 53.13. Arthur O’Neill, letter to Archibald Binny and James Ronaldson, December 3, 1807, Box 1, File 40, Series I, Correspondence (1805–1822), Binny and Ronaldson Papers (McA MSS 006), McAllister Collection, Library Company of Philadelphia; William Montgomery, letter to Archibald Binny and James Ronaldson, November 15, 1808, File 37, Box 1, Binny and Ronaldson Papers (McA MSS 006), McAllister Collection, Library Company of Philadelphia; Henry Mead, letter to Archibald Binny and James Ronaldson, September 25, 1807, File 35, Box 1, Binny and Ronaldson Papers (McA MSS 006), McAllister Collection, Library Company of Philadelphia; Jacob Cist, letter to Archibald Binny and James Ronaldson, December 19, 1807, File 11, Box 1, Binny and Ronaldson Papers (McA MSS 006), McAllister Collection, Library Company of Philadelphia; White et al., , “Rise and Fall of American Queensware,” 10–12. 14. Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, 111.15. “Domestic Manufacture,” advertisement, Democratic Press [Philadelphia, PA], October 10, 1810, 3, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.16. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 63, 78; James Robinson, The Philadelphia Directory, for 1810 (Philadelphia: James Robinson, 1811), 59, James Charlton, accessed October 2015, https://www.fold3.com; ibid., 122, Thomas Hague.River Chronicles | Vol 3 | 2018 | 7317. We would like to extend our gratitude to J. Garrison and Diana Stradling for sharing portions of their early research on English immigrant potters, which added key elements about Charleton’s involvement with the queensware potteries established in Charlestown, Virginia; White et al., “Rise and Fall of American Queensware,” 29–30.18. Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, 116.19. “U.S. Marshal’s Returns of Enemy Aliens and Prisoners of War, 1812–1815, War of 1812 Papers, 1789–1815,” 2007, Ancestry.com database accessed April 7, 2015.20. “Columbian Pottery Ware-house,” advertisement, Democratic Press, November 12, 1810, 3, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.21. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 78.22. “Domestic Manufactures,” advertisement, Alexandria Gazette, October 18, 1810, 4, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.23. “Pottery,” advertisment, Pittsburgh Weekly Gazette, September 28, 1814, 1, Newspapers.com database accessed August 2015, http://www.newspapers.com/.24. No title, notice, Claypoole’s American Daily Advertiser [Philadelphia, PA], August 5, 1800, 3, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/; “Pathetic,” notice, Gazette of the United States [Philadelphia, PA], August 20, 1800, 2, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.25. David S. Barnes, “Neither Slave Nor Free: The Ganges Africans at the Lazaretto (1800),” The Lazaretto, Penn Arts and Sciences, accessed July 25, 2015, http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dbarnes/Ganges.html. 26. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 78; James Robinson, Philadelphia Directory for 1809 (Philadelphia: James Robinson, 1809), unpaginated, Mullony, Capt. J.27. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 78; Robinson, Philadelphia Directory for 1809, unpaginated, Capt. J. Mullony; Robinson, The Philadelphia Directory, for 1810, 203, Capt. John Mullowny; Jane Aitken, Census Directory for 1811 (Philadelphia: Jane Aitken, 1811), 227, John Mullowny. 28. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 78; John Mullowny, letter to James Madison, October 26, 1810, Microfilm Reel 12, Series 1, General Correspondence, 1723 to 1859, James Madison Papers, Library of Congress, accessed June 26, 2015, https://www.loc.gov/item/mjm016006/. 29. “Ware-house of the Washington Pottery Market,” notice, Commercial Advertiser [New York, NY], May 31, 1813, 1, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/; “Merchants,” notice, American Watchman [Wilmington, DE], March 20, 1813, 4, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/; “Notice,” Baltimore Patriot, March 17, 1813, 1, Genealogy Bank database accessed August 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.30. Ibid.31. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 78.32. Ibid.; Robinson, The Philadelphia Directory, for 1810, 203, Capt. John Mullowny; Aitken, Census Directory For 1811, 234, John Mullowny; John A. Paxton, The Philadelphia Directory and Register, for 1813 (Philadelphia: B. & T. Kite, 1813), MOW–MUN, John Mullowny; James Robinson, The Philadelphia Directory, for 1816 (Philadelphia: James Robinson, 1816), unpaginated, Mullowny. 33. “Washington Pottery,” Federal Gazette [Baltimore, MD], November 5, 1812, 1, Genealogy Bank database accessed October 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.34. “Real Estates,” notice, Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser [Philadelphia. PA], June 8, 1814, 4, Genealogy Bank database accessed October 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.35. “By John Humes,” notice, Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, February 25, 1818, 2, Genealogy Bank database accessed October 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.36. David Barker, William Greatbatch a Staffordshire Potter (London: Jonathan Horne, 1991), 126, 127; Peter Hyland, The Herculaneum Pottery (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005), 25, 26.37. Philadelphia Department of Records, John Mullowny to Jacob S. Waln, March 17, Deed Book MR 17, 1818 699, Historic Land Records and Vitals Search, accessed September 9, 2015, http://phila-records.com/historic-records/eagleweb/docSearch.jsp. 74 | Vol 3 | 2018 | River Chronicles38. United States Congress, American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, Class 10, Miscellaneous, Vol. 2, ed. by Walter Lowrie and Walter S. Franklin (Washington, D.C.: Gales & Seaton, 1834), 315, accessed January 30, 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y8pu62mm.39. Senate of the United States, Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America., Vol 3. (Washington, D.C.: Senate of the United States, 1828), 217, accessed June 26, 2015, https://tinyurl.com/yc6b7mur.40. “Apprentices Wanted,” notice, Philadelphia Gazette, April 23, 1816, 3, Genealogy Bank database accessed October 2015, http://www.genealogy bank.com/static/home/.41. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 83.42. “Apprentices Wanted,” notice, Philadelphia Gazette, April 23, 1816.43. Myers, Handcraft to Industry, 83. 44. Ibid.45. Congregation Shearith Israel, “Gershom Mendes Seixas,” accessed January 20, 2017, http://shearithisrael.org/content/gershom-mendes-seixas.46. Leon Hühner, “Jews in the War of 1812,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 26 (1918): 181– 182, accessed January 30, 2018, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43059307?seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents.47. Directors of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, An Account of the Origin and Progress of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb (Philadelphia: Directors of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 1821), 6.Columbia Pottery Maker’s Mark1. Barbara H. Magid, “Promoting Domestic Manufactures: Philadelphia Queensware in Alexandria, Virginia,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 46 (2018): 137–147; Deborah L. Miller, “Philadelphia Queensware from the National Constitution Center Site at Independence National Park,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 46 (2018): 58.Finding Queensware beyond Philadelphia George Cress, Thomas J. Kutys, and Rebecca L. White1. URS Corporation (now AECOM), Phase IB/II and Data-Recovery Archaeological Excavation at Site 36LA1494 Queen Street Station Phase II (RRTA) North Queen Street and East Chestnut Street Lancaster, PA, report prepared for Red Rose Transit Authority, 2010, accessed June 2018, https://www.redrosetransit.com/wp-content/themes/redrose/pdf/Phase_IB-II_and_Data-Recovery_Red_Rose_Transit_36LA1494_Sept.compressed.pdf. 2. Ibid.3. Ibid.4. Rebecca L. White, Meta F. Janowitz, George D. Cress, and Thomas J. Kutys, “The Rise and Fall of American Queensware, 1807–1822,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 46 (2018): 8–54.5. George Cress, Rebecca L. White, and Ingrid A. Wuebber, “The Westward Expansion of Domestic Queensware: The Red Rose Transit Site, Lancaster, Pennsylvania,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 46 (2018): 114 – 122.6. “Washington Pottery,” advertisement, Lancaster Journal [Lancaster, PA], August 23, 1811, 1, Genealogy Bank database accessed May 2015, http://www.genealogybank.com/static/home/.7. “Washington Pottery,” advertisement, Lancaster Journal, October 26, 1812, 4, Genealogy Bank database accessed May 2015, http://www.genealogybank.com/static/home/. 8. “The New China Store,” notice, Lancaster Journal, April 29, 1818, 3, Genealogy Bank database accessed November 2016, http://www.genealogybank.com/static/home/; “For Public Sale,” notice, Intelligencer & Weekly Advertiser [Lancaster, PA], March 21, 1818, 1, Genealogy Bank database accessed November 2016, http://www.genealogybank.com/static/home/.9. Susan A. Myers, Handcraft to Industry: Philadelphia Ceramics in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980), 83.10. Vickers Family, Daybook, 1808–1813, Joseph Downs Collection of Manuscripts and Printed Ephemera, Winterthur, Delaware.11. URS Corporation, “A Bright Pattern of Domestic Virtue and Economy”: Phase II and Data Recovery Archaeological Excavations of the Smith-Maskell Site (28CA124), Camden, NJ, report prepared for Camden County Improvement Authority and John Cullinane Associates, LLC, 2012.12. Gloucester County Deed Books, various, land records available on microfilm at the New Jersey State Archives, River Chronicles | Vol 3 | 2018 | 75Trenton, E:152–154, N:337, P:20; Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania Wills, 1682–1819, accessed November 2016, http://files.usgwarchives.org/pa/philadelphia/wills/willsurab.txt, Y:555. 13. Gloucester County Deed Books P:22.14. Ibid., Q3:157.15. John Mullowny to Alexander Henry, December 3, 1814, Deed Book MR 1, page 686, Philadelphia Department of Records, Historic Land Records and Vitals Search, accessed September 9, 2015, http://phila-records.com/historic-records/eagleweb/docSearch.jsp.16. “U.S., Presbyterian Church Records 1701–1970,” entries for Alexr. Henry and Hannah M. Shute, July 23, 1823, Baptisms, Births, Marriages, Deaths (1744–1833), Second Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Ancestry.com database accessed May 2018, http://www.ancestry.com/search.Finding Gritted Queensware Thomas J. Kutys1. Though the name “Fishtown” has come to describe a much larger area today, historically, Fishtown was significantly smaller, bounded approximately by the Delaware River, Palmer Street, Thompson Street, and the Aramingo Canal/Gunner’s Run. 2. Donald Towner, The Leeds Pottery (London: Corey, Adams & Mackay, 1963), 47–48.3. “Spalling” refers to small pieces of the glaze and/or body that have popped off due to high heat or extreme cold, typically from historic use or environmental conditions after entering the archaeological record.4. Juliette Gerhardt, Alexander B. Bartlett, and Nikki S. Tobias, “The Ogle and Turnbull Artifact Assemblages,” in After the Revolution – Two Shops on South Sixth Street: Archeological Data Recovery on Block 1 of Independence Mall, report prepared for the National Park Service, Denver, Colorado, by John Milner Associates, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania, 2004, 17.5. Joan Leibowitz, Yellow Ware: The Transitional Ceramic (Exton, PA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 1985), 5, 73.6. Rebecca L. White, Meta F. Janowitz, George D. Cress, and Thomas J. Kutys, “The Rise and Fall of American Queensware, 1807–1822,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 46 (2018): 14 – 18.7. William C. Ketchum, Jr., American Country Pottery: Yellowware & Spongeware (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1987), 13–14.8. Susan H. Myers, Handcraft to Industry: Philadelphia Ceramics in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980).9. Ibid., 8.10. “Ware House of the Washington Pottery,” advertisement, Democratic Press [Philadelphia, PA], October 30, 1812, 1.11. George Haggarty, Earthenware Yellow: Encrusted, in Portobello Potteries Ceramic Resource Disk (National Museums Scotland, 2011), 1–2. An Unusual Collar Button Madelaine Penney1. Deborah Kamm, Painted Porcelain Jewelry and Buttons: Identification & Value Guide (Paducah: Collector Books, 2002), 7.2. Deborah Sweeney, “Fashion Moments-Detachable Collars,” Genealogy Lady, 2015, accessed March 8, 2018, https://genealogylady.net/2015/11/29/fashion-moments-detachable-collars/; Brenton Grom, “Slaves of Fashion, Loafers of Industry: A History of Paper Collars and the Men Who Wore Them,” Disposable America, 2015, accessed March 8, 2018, https://www.disposableamerica.org/course-projects/brenton-grom/; Anita Stamper and Jill Condra, Clothing Through American History: The Civil War Through the Gilded Age, 1861–1899 (Santa Barbara, Denver, and Oxford: Greenwood, 2011), 90; Kamm, Painted Porcelain Jewelry and Buttons, 7, 101.Finding Queensware in Art Rebecca L. White1. Nicolai Cikovsky Jr., “Democratic Illusions,” in Raphaelle Peale Still Lifes (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1988), 31. 2. Anneliese Harding, John Lewis Krimmel (Winterthur, DE: Winterthur Publication, 1994), 3, 219.3. Smithsonian American Art Museum, “Raphaelle Peale,” accessed May 16, 2018, https://americanart.si.edu/artist/raphaelle-peale-3724; Smithsonian American Art Museum, “Charles Willson Peale,” accessed May 16, 2018, https://americanart.si.edu/artist/charles-willson-peale-3720. 4. Ibid. 76 | Vol 3 | 2018 | River Chronicles5. Linda Bantel, “Raphaelle Peale in Philadelphia,” in Raphaelle Peale Still Lifes (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1988), 17, 18. 6. Carol Eaton Soltis, The Art of the Peales: Adaptations and Innovations (New Haven, CT: Philadelphia Museum of Art, in association with Yale University Press, 2017), 224.7. Nicolai Cikovsky Jr., “A Checklist of Contemporary Exhibitions,” in Raphaelle Peale Still Lifes (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1988), 119–123.8. Cikovsky Jr., “Democratic Illusions,” 31.9. Edwin Atlee Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1901), 111.10. Harding, John Lewis Krimmel, 3, 4; Audrey Lewis, “Pepper-Pot: A Scene in the Philadelphia Market,” in Philadelphia Museum of Art: Gifts in Honor of the 125th Anniversary (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2002), 46, accessed May 2018, http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/134441.html. 11. Harding, John Lewis Krimmel, 8.12. Ibid. 13. Ibid., 16.14. Philadelphia Museum of Art, “Pepper-Pot: A Scene in the Philadelphia Market,” accessed May 2018, http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/134441.html. 15. Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “genre,” accessed May 2018, https://www.britannica.com/art/genre-painting. 16. Harding, John Lewis Krimmel, 16.17. Lewis, “Pepper-Pot,” 46.18. Rebecca L. White, Meta F. Janowitz, George D. Cress, and Thomas J. Kutys, “The Rise and Fall of American Queensware, 1807–1822,” Northeast Historical Archaeology 46 (2018): 9–19.19. The Science Museum Group, “The Costume of Great Britain, Woman selling salops,” accessed May 2015, http://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8002274/the-costume-of-great-britain-woman-selling-salops-print-aquatint.The Rise and Fall of the Philadelphia Sturgeon Industry Teagan Schweitzer1. Gary Shepherd, “Atlantic and Shortnose sturgeons,” Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US, December 2006, 1, accessed June 2018, https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/af/sturgeon/archives/42_Atlantic_ShortnoseSturgeons_2006.pdf.2. Sandy Bauers, “There’s Life in the Old Fish Yet Fishing Nearly Did in the Sturgeon. It’s Reappearing,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 24,1995, accessed June 2018, http://articles.philly.com/1995-06-24/news/25691959_1_atlantic-sturgeon-fish-biologists-hope; Sandy Bauers, “Delaware River sturgeon may get a break,” Philadelphia Inquirer, April 2, 2014, accessed June 2018, http://articles.philly.com/2014-04-02/news/48771586_1_20-sturgeon-critical-habitat-endangered-species.3. Bauers, “Delaware River sturgeon may get a break.” 4. John William Parker, “The Sturgeon,” The Saturday Magazine, March 6, 1841, 92–93, accessed May 2018, https://tinyurl.com/y8meo3dv.5. Oliver Goldsmith, “The Sturgeon, and its varieties,” A History of the Earth, and Animated Nature, Vol. 4 (Edward Poole, 1824), 204, accessed May 2018, https://tinyurl.com/ycfbqok7.6. Bauers, “There’s Life in the Old Fish Yet”; Bauers, “Delaware River sturgeon may get a break”; Sherpherd, “Atlantic and Shortnose sturgeons,” 1; Parker, “The Sturgeon,” 92–93; Sandy Bauers, “Atlantic sturgeon’s listing as endangered could affect Delaware dredging,” Philadelphia Inquirer, February 2, 2012, accessed May 2018, http://www.philly.com/philly/health/20120202_Atlantic_sturgeon_s_listing_as_endangered_could_affect_Delaware_dredging.html.7. Bauers, “Atlantic sturgeon’s listing as endangered”; John N. Cobb, “The Sturgeon Fishery of the Delaware River and Bay,” in Report of the Commissioner for the year ending June 30, 1899, Vol. 25 (Washington: United States Fish Commission, 1900), 377, accessed May 2018, ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/cof/COF_1899.PDF.8. Goldsmith, “The Sturgeon, and its varieties,” 206.9. United States Bureau of Fisheries, Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. 4 (Washington: United States Fish Commission, 1884), 347.River Chronicles | Vol 3 | 2018 | 7710. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Sturgeon Through History,” NOAA Fisheries: Greater Atlantic Region, accessed May 2018, https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected/scutes/students/history/index.html; Parker, “The Sturgeon,” 92–93.11. Mason Locke Weems, The Life of William Penn: The Settler of Pennsylvania, the Founder of Philadelphia, and One of the First Lawgivers in the Colonies, Now United States, in 1682 (Philadelphia: Uriah Hunt, 1836), 112–113. 12. Walter Sheldon Tower, “The Passing of the Sturgeon: A Case of the Unparalleled Extermination of a Species,” Popular Science, October 1908, 362.13. Bauers, “There’s Life in the Old Fish Yet.”14. Tower, “The Passing of the Sturgeon,” 362–364.15. Bauers, “There’s Life in the Old Fish Yet.”16. Ibid.; Tower, “The Passing of the Sturgeon,” 367.17. “Sturgeon fishing in the Delaware,” The Times [Philadelphia, PA], May 17, 1896, 20.18. “Sturgeon Factory,” Delaware County Republican [Darby, PA], July 5, 1867.19. W. E. Meehan, “History of the Sturgeon,” Report of the State Commissioners of Fisheries, for the Year 1899 (Harrisburg, PA: Wm. Stanley Ray, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1900), 24, accessed May 2018, https://tinyurl.com/yauxulqu.20. Tower, “The Passing of the Sturgeon,” 367.21. Although the sturgeon population in the Philadelphia area was decimated by over fishing, Atlantic and shortnose sturgeon were not fished completely into extinction, and both species are listed as endangered with active programs in place to help restore their populations; NOAA, “Atlantic Sturgeon Recovery Program,” NOAA Fisheries: Greater Atlantic Region, accessed July 2018, https://www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected/atlsturgeon/; NOAA, “Shortnose Sturgeon,” NOAA Fisheries, accessed July 2018, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/shortnose-sturgeon.78 | Vol 3 | 2018 | River ChroniclesRiver Chronicles extends its thanks to:And to all the contributors, who have worked tirelessly on the I-95/GIR Improvement Corridor Project and who have volunteered their time and scholarship to make this journal a reality.Next >